Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Salem Witch

Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer known for his part in the transcendentalist literary movement. Born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hathorne Sr and Elizabeth Manning, he later chose to alter his last name in an attempt to distinguish himself from the history his family held in the Salem witch trials. His father died at a very young age, so Nathaniel was raised solely by his mother. In a quote kept from his adolescent years, Hawthorne states, â€Å"I do not want to be a doctor and live by men s diseases, nor a minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by their quarrels. So, I don t see that there is anything left for me but to be an author. However, in 1825, Hawthorne graduated from Bowdoin College, earning a degree in a non-literature field of study. In 1838, he became acquainted with a Miss Sophia Peabody. They were both solitary characters and fell madly in love into a mildly reclusive life. In 1841, Hawthorne resigned from his position at Boston Custom House to participate in the transcendentalist movement’s experimental Brook Farm. He joined in hopes to make enough money to marry Sophia. After a year, Hawthorne dropped it and went on to be wed in the home of Sophia’s parents. Soon after, the two moved to Concord, Massachusetts to begin their lives together. As a member of the American transcendentalists, Hawthorne became close friends with authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Herman Melville. Although both Nathaniel and SophiaShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hid den inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of four, his father passed away from yellow fever, forcing his family to move in with his uncle. The positively influential Uncle Robert Manning pushed Hawthorne to succeed in school and insisted he go to college. Following his education at Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent years in isolation mastering the art of writing. It was during those years when Hawthorne discovered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the SalemRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreThe Moral Complexity Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Moral Complexity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is about a Christian man, the title character who walks through a dark and dreary forest, witnessing some people in his community he thought were godly walking deeper into the â€Å"path of evil.† He has to make a decision whether to keep walking towards the satanic meeting or go back home. The characters Hawthorne chooses have some relation to either the trials or the Christian way of life. Back in the middle 1900s, the society relied heavilyRead MoreWho is Nathaniel Hawthorne?953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe utmost passion of her heart† is one of my favorite quotes that Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote from the Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer, that wrote fictional stories. He was a gifted writer that was influenced to use his gift by a well known man, with the name of Ralph Waldo Emerson. I believe Nathaniel had an talent to make stories rhyme with detail, that sets the scene in your very, own mind. Hawthorne had a interesting life, he enjoyed writing short stories, like Twice-ToldRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne1620 Words   |  7 Pages Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work Young Goodman Brown reveals how hard it is in the revelation of the harsh realities of the society.  The society with is characterized by secrecy.   People hide behind the curtains of daily practices and a normal life despite the odd their practices. However, anxiety reveals the realities of people in the community that may come with great prices as for the Nathaniel Hawthorne’s main character Goodman Brown.  ViewingRead More The Theme of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2278 Words   |  10 Pagesthe theme of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†.    To come by a clear notion of the theme of   â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is no easy task, thanks to the confusing style of the author. As A.N. Kaul says in the â€Å"Introduction† to Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays:    Because Hawthorne was much given to evasions, mystifications, and prevarications of various sorts, because he repeatedly confuses the issues by shying sway from them, because he often talks of his fiction in terms of misty legends andRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne-The Mind Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804 he was known as an American novelist, who writes dark romantic short stories. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts to his parents to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning. Nathaniel Hawthorne was originally named Nathaniel Hathorne but he later added a w to make his name Hawthorne in order to hide the relation to his ancestor John Hathorne, who was the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never feltRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1975 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, is the author of the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† that was written in 1835 (Baym 370). Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne’s ancestors were of the Puritan descent, and among the first settlers of Massachusetts (Baym 370). During his teen years, Hawthorne was reading stories by British novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollet, and Sir Walter Scott. When he was sixteen he wrote his sister of wanting to become an author and relying of supportRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1885 Words   |  8 PagesFictionalizing the historically famous event of the sixteenth century, Arthur Miller retells The Salem Witch Trials in his dramatized play, The Crucible. Interpreting the horrific witch trials through the play’s characters and actions, Miller is successfully able to scrutinize the hysteria that took place in Salem Massachusetts while synonymously demonstrating the devastating effects of a theocratic government. Although the trials were filled with paranoia and injustice, Miller simply publicized

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 760 Words

Anubhab Roy Period 1 Honors English 1 Mr. Buonadonna 12/24/16 Being deceived is not something noticed on first glance; small, seemingly harmless steps with perfectly reasonable explanations are taken first. Through the oppression and control of the non-pigs in Animal Farm, George Orwell warns that the negative results that come from ignorance are the likeliness of being deceived, unawareness of social change, and people’s inability to objectively judge their situation. Social changes, however minute, causes oppression, and because of a lack of attention towards that change, nothing is done to counter it. This is represented in Animal Farm with the assigning of power to the pigs before and after the animals successfully revolt: â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦If society does not objectively judge itself, and compare the human condition of its past and present, progress will never be made. Therefore, observing with bias and using unreliable information can lead to being deceived, having a similar result as being ignorant in a dystopia. Ignorance leads to many things, one of which is being cheated and betrayed. The animals in Animal Farm were lied to countless times, but the more intelligent animals did not speak up, which is shown when Squealer changes the commandments: â€Å"At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Pshychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray free essay sample

Psychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray Many people go through Sigmund Freud’s stages of personality in order from the â€Å"ID† to the ego to the superego; however, in the book â€Å"A Picture of Dorian Grey† we see a regression instead of a progression of Dorian’s character. He is portrayed as an innocent young man and is highly praised by Basil who admires him for his good character. It is possible he has a type of â€Å"superego† because of the fact that he may be â€Å"tainted†, as Basil says, by Lord Henry. However, the meeting of Lord Henry and Dorian is inevitable. There is a purpose that must be full-filled within the book which is seeing the fall of Dorian; the catalyst being Lord Henry. Dorian regresses back to a state of the â€Å"ID† through a series of events that take place in the book. In the beginning, we see his gentile nature through his willingness to sit for Basil and his charming quirks that attract almost everyone he meets. We will write a custom essay sample on Pshychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here, we see the superego. However, after meeting Lord Henry, he begins to suffer between the â€Å"ID† and the superego. After being cruel to Sibyl, he feels remorse and wants to make things right with her. He reaches after his own personal needs, but then faces the reality that he can’t have it his way all the time and tries to make it better. This is where his conscious comes into play. He knows that what he did was wrong and the superego allows him to feel that remorse and make up for what he did. When Dorian decides to kill Basil, he has finally reached his â€Å"ID† point in life. He has now successfully regressed to the lowest stage of personality. Thus, Dorian makes a trip down the stages and reveals the possibility for any human being once taken by the clever and cunning devil figure.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Prince Of Machiavelli Essays - Philosophy, Politics,

Prince Of Machiavelli "All the states, all the dominions, under whose authority men have lived in the past and live now have been and are either republics or principalities." In Machiavelli's, The Prince, timeless keys to a successful principality are examined. The keys are understanding human nature, respecting that nature, and reaffirming that successful leadership can exist in the same fashion yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Machiavelli's perspective of human nature is founded on the principle that people in general don't want their culture changed by an outside influence. Machiavelli demonstrates in the book that the nature of people is to defend who they are. When "the prince" attempts to change their culture in any way the subjects will do any number of things to crush this attempt or even change the leadership. If a prince uses force to try to change people this will lead to hostility, because as Machiavellis says, "they remain, defeated, in their own homes." This underlying fact will lead to a rebellion of some sort. One way this rebellion can happen is when a powerful foreigner invades the principality. The now "defeated" people will join this powerful foreigner, in hopes that their culture will now be respected, to dethrone the prince. When the prince tries to use force to control the people it only creates enemies. Machiavelli explains this aspect of human nature when he writes, "he harms the whole state by billeting his army in different parts of the country, everyone suffers from this annoyance, and everybody is turned into an enemy." On the contrast if a prince allows the people to keep their customs Machiavelli states that the people will remain content when he writes, "For the rest, so long as their old ways of life are undisturbed and there is no divergence in customs, men live quietly." Another natural tendency of people comes with freedom. Once they have had a taste of freedom, they virtually cannot live without it. This feeling of control over one's life is a quality that once molded is nearly impossible to reshape. Machiavelli asserts this idea when he writes, "a city used to freedom can be more easily ruled through its own citizens...than in any other way." The same tendency lies in the control that the prince gains over the people in the principality. Once the prince has control he finds that giving up control to be extremely difficult. That is why ideally a prince would posses a number of qualities to find success as a leader. Only through an understanding of the nature of his subjects, having an ability to control his subjects, and possessing the means to defend his subjects can"the prince" truly find the universal key to open the door to upholding the ideals of practical leadership. When a prince understands the nature of the people it is easier for him to enter the land. Machiavelli writes of the Romans and how they developed their empire, "the Aetolians once brought the Romans into Greece; and in every other country they invaded, the Romans were brought in by the inhabitants." Because the Romans understood human nature their movement into power was unchallenged. Once in power it is essential for the prince to be able to control the people. "I say that a prince must want to have a reputation for compassion rather than cruelty: none the less, he must be careful that he does not make bad use of compassion." When Machiavelli wrote this he was outlining the key to controlling the people. The prince needs to be able to keep the people united, and loyal to him and at the same time ensure respect for the laws by instilling a fear for punishment. One of Machiavelli's most used examples of a successful prince is Cesare Borgia. It is essential to be feared not hated and in the case of Borgia his minister Remirro de Orco punished law breakers in a cruel fashion that led to people hating Borgia. To create a feeling of fear for punishment rather than hatred for the prince Borgia decided to punish his minister for all to see. "One morning, Remirro's body was found cut in two pieces on the piazza at Cesena, with a block of wood and a bloody knife beside it. The brutality of this specticle kept the people of the Romagna at once appeased." Finally, once control has been established the prince is now obligated to defend the people. This only comes through a strong military. Machiavelli believes that the military is essential to

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Organizational training design

Organizational training design Introduction Organization training design is an activity that involves six key steps, namely, organization analysis, laying out training program objectives, creating a detailed lesson plan, creating a before, during and after matrix, evaluation rating and doing cost benefit calculations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational training design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The outcome of the design process is a training program whose integration into an organization facilitates the realization of the organizations mission as it is outlined in its mission statement. According to WebFinance, a formal definition of an organization is a social unit made up of people who systematically work together with unity of purpose to achieve collective goals that reflect the mission of the organization (2010, 3). For the synthesis project, the process of organization training design is applied to Netsoft, a private sector company. Netsoft is a global telecommunications company that has it’s headquarter in the United States. It has one of its branches in Kenya, Netsoft Kenya, where a submarine fiber optic communications cable is to be installed that will link Africa with the rest of the world. The fiber optic cable is to bring a world of opportunities not only to the country but to the continent as well. Netsoft wants to seize this opportunity and increase its dominance in Africas internet market as a strategic move towards increasing its earnings. However, its five-telecommunication engineers in Kenya are not conversant with fiber optic technology that is already in use in the rest of the world (Kenya is a third-world country). The engineers are, however, individuals with high academic qualifications and with vast experience in telecommunication and its related fields. Thus, considering these facts the top management of the company has commissioned a one-day training program to teach the Keny an engineers on fiber optic technology. Discussion Organization analysis According to Miller and Osinski, organization analysis is one among the three levels of the needs assessment phase of designing an organizations training and development program (2002, 2).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other two levels as given by the authors are task analysis and individual analysis whereas the other phases of designing an organizations training and development program are instructional objectives (2nd phase), design (3rd phase), implementation (4th phase) and evaluation (5th phase) (Miller and Osinski, 2002, 1-2). The purpose of the needs assessment phase is to aid a training manager set the objectives of the organizations training program. Therefore, by the end of the needs assessment phase the training manager has to have established if the training program is neces sary and if it is, what is it on and who are the participants. It is the idea that a properly conducted needs assessment phase reveals no conflicts between the interests of stakeholders and the objectives of the organizations training program. The objective as to why organizational analysis is undertaken is to improve the efficiency, performance and output of an organization (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2011, 1). To achieve this objective the analysis procedure assesses the organizations systems, capacity and performance in an aim to create an understanding of the behavioral relationships, structures and technology in place and in use in an organization (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2011, 1). In organizational training design, the theory and models underlying organizational analysis are customized so that the outcome of the procedure is concepts that form a strong basis on which to successfully implement an organizational training program. At the end of an organizational analysis pro cedure that is part of an organization training design, it is fundamental that 10 things be known.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational training design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first is how the content of the training program affects the relationship between the organizations employees and its clients. The second is the degree to which the organizations suppliers, partners and clients need to be informed about the contents of the training program. The third thing is how well the training programs augment with the strategic needs of the organization. The fourth thing is whether to devote the organizations resources to the training program. The fifth thing is what input is necessary from the organizations mangers and peers in order for the training program to succeed. The sixth thing that needs to be known is the features of the organizations internal environment that can hamper the success of t he training program. The seventh thing that needs to be known is whether experts can be found who can aid in the formulation of the training program and who enlighten on the correlation between it and the business needs of the organization. The eighth thing that has to be known at the end of the organization analysis procedure that is part of an organization training design is the perception that employees have towards the training program. The perception should be described either as a waste of time, an opportunity, a reward, a punishment or even a combination of these. The ninth thing that has to be known is the section of people in the organization who are interested in the success of the training program. The tenth thing that needs to be known is whose support is critical to the success of the training program. In addition to these 10 things, Miller and Osinski point out that an organization analysis procedure should also identify global markets that are growing and economy stat e and its impacts on organizations operating costs and (2002, 3). How training program aligns with Netsoft’s strategic needs There is a need for the company to seize the opportunity presented by the submarine fiber optic cable as this is essential in aiding the company realize its mission which is to become a global leader in telecommunications.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The training program equips Netsofts Kenyan engineers with the knowledge and skills for designing, implementing and administering fiber optic networks. This paves the way for the company to assert its dominance on Africas internet market. Thus in this way the training program aligns with Netsoft’s strategic needs. Features of work environment that might interfere with the training A feature of the work environment that may interfere with Netsoft’s training program is lack of up-to-date training facilities. Considering that the training is to take place in third-world country getting state-of-the-art facilities to conduct the training can be a challenge. Another feature of the work environment that may interfere with the training is poor organizational culture at the branch. It is possible that the organizational culture in place at the companys Kenyan branch does not encourage or motivate its employees to learn new things and thus this might be a considerable hindrance . How employees will perceive training program The engineers and the other employees in Netsofts Kenyan branch should perceive the training program as an opportunity. If the training program is a success it is the green light for the company to make strategic moves that will enable it assert its dominance in the African Internet market. This means more earnings for the company, which in turns means likely salary increases for the engineers and other employees in Netsoft Kenya. Persons or groups interested in the success of the project The top management of Netsoft is interested in the success of the training program. This is because from it they can take hold of the opportunities presented by the submarine cable and make huge profits for the company at minimal costs. Training objectives The second key activity in organizational training design is setting the objectives of the training program, which can be thought of as sub-goals (SIL International, 1999, 1). The objectives of the t raining program are a byproduct of the needs assessment phase. To create a learning atmosphere it is very helpful that the participants of an organization’s training program understand the programs objectives. The objectives of an organization’s training program capture for each individual training activity in the program its purpose and expected outcome. Depending on a number of factors that include the structure of the organizations training program objectives can be set for the various training sessions and the overall program. It is imperative that trainees not only understand but as well accept and commit to realizing the training objectives set for a given organizations training program especially when the objectives double up too as the organizations goals. A training needs analysis is undertaken so that an organization’s employees can appreciate the need for a training program as well as why they need to learn. Thus, this is why it is a sound recommendat ion that the training objectives be a derivative of a training needs analysis. In addition to streamlining the learning process, training objectives facilitate the identification of certain outcome types that when measured evaluate the effectiveness of an organizations training program. The first of the three components of a training objective is a statement, which clearly describes to an employee what he or she is expected to do. The second of the three components of a training objective is a statement, which describes to the trainees the acceptable performance quality or level. The third of the three components of a training objective is a statement that describes to an employee for a given outcome the conditions under which he or she has to perform in to achieve it. It is important that a training objective always describe performances that are observable and measurable. Donald Kirkpatricks Four Level Evaluation Model is a useful procedure for judging an organizations training pr ogram (Big Dog Little Dog’s performance Juxtaposition, 2010, 1). The constituents of the model are four levels, namely, reaction, learning, behavior and results. In the reaction, level of the evaluation procedure a measurement is done of how the participants of an organizations training program react to the process of learning, that is, their perception towards the program. The measurement is done with the aid of attitude questionnaires that are filled by the participants. In the reaction level of the evaluation procedure measurement of three aspects is done. The first is the extent to which participants change their attitude resulting from the organizations training program. The second is the extent to which participants have improved their knowledge resulting from the organizations training program. The third is the extent to which participants have increased their knowledge because of the organizations training program. In the performance level of the evaluation procedure testing is done to determine the participant’s capabilities to utilize the skills they have acquired on the job place. In some cases, performance evaluation is done through observation only. In the results, level of the evaluation procedure the effectiveness of the organizations training program is measured. Objectives of Netsoft’s training program Using Kirkpatrick’s four level evaluation framework two reaction level objectives for Netsoft’s training program are: Create an understanding of what fiber optic technology is Enable participants appreciate its importance in realizing companys strategic needs and mission The three behaviors are: Understanding Appreciation Pro-activeness The three criteria are: Verbal quiz Paper quiz Observation The three conditions are: Teaching facilities are sufficient Participants agree that they have understood course material Quiz is the same for everyone Using Kirkpatrick’s four level evaluation framework two learning objectives for Nestsoft’s training program are: Participants are able to explain the underlying concepts of fiber optic technology Participants can outline the strengths and weaknesses of the technology The three behaviors are: Competency Understanding Mastering The three criterions are: Verbal quiz Paper quiz Observation The three conditions are: Teaching facilities are sufficient Participants agree that they have understood course material Quizzes are the same for everyone Using Kirkpatrick’s four level evaluation framework two performance objectives for Netsoft’s training program are: Participants are able to successfully design, implement and administer fiber optic networks Participants are able to troubleshoot faulty fiber optic networks The three behaviors are: Competency Understanding Mastering The three criterions are: Practical test Verbal quiz Observation The three conditions are Teaching facilities are sufficient Participan ts agree that they have understood course material Quiz and test is the same for everyone Using Kirkpatrick’s four level evaluation framework two results objectives for Netsoft’s training program are: Training program yields an acceptable ROI Training program yields an acceptable CBR Detailed Lesson Plan A detailed lesson plan contains a variety of components. These include course title, lesson title, lesson length, learning objectives, target audience, room arrangement, materials and equipment needed, evaluation and assignments as well as comments from the trainer (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2011, 1). The course title is the subject heading of the field the trainer intends to teach. The course is derived from wide field of knowledge or specialization. The degree of extend of the content of a subject vary from one course to another. The inclusion of course title is important to the lesson plan because it communicates to the trainee the overall scope of knowledge to be covered by the different lesson sessions in that course. Lesson title states the scope of content to be covered in a single lesson session. The contents of a lesson title are a subset of course title. Lesson sessions act as building blocks of a course. Depending on the scope and complexity of title it can be divided into several lessons which are convenient to both the trainer and trainee. One of the main importances of having a lesson title is to delineate the content to be covered during the lesson. This avoids the chances of veering of from the intended content. Lesson length in a lesson plan details the duration which a single lesson will last. The lesson length will be determined by a number of factors: availability of time, complexity and scope of the subject and cost of executing the lesson. When deciding on the lesson length, there is need to determine when trainers are to avail themselves while the program is on course, the time constraints on the trainees, program brea ks for snacks, lunch and dinner as well as opportunities for practice and feedback. Some lessons may last full day while others are part time. Learning objectives are the thematic areas within a lesson the trainer intends to communicate and be grasped by the trainees. It is important to factor in the lesson plan the genre of the target audience. The target audience determines the level of communication and interaction between the trainer and trainees. The prerequisites encompass trainee and instructor. Trainee prerequisites refers to possible preparation requirements, necessary skills or the scope of knowledge needed to be trained on prior training sessions or successful completion of tests or certificate or degree programs. Instructor prerequisites points towards what is needed to be done to prepare for the session as well as other educational qualification necessary for the trainer. Before the lesson execution the room arrangement of the trainees is another important component to consider. For instance, the room could be arranged in fan-shape so that the trainees can clearly see the trainer as well as their peers. Fan-shape is also suitable for role play exercises that entail working and organization into groups of two or three. In the lesson plan the trainer ought to include the materials and equipments required. These materials and equipments act as aids to training and enhance the ability of the trainer to relay information effectively. The assortment of materials and equipments in any given set up vary, but, they may include a video cassette recorder (VCR), pens, overhead projector, transparencies, and VCR tapes with titles of the lesson. In the case of evaluation and assignments, role plays could be instituted. Comments imply on the overall appraisal of lesson outcomes and remarks on the way forward. Detailed lesson plan for Netsoft’s training program The detailed one-day lesson plan for Netsoft’s training program is shown in appendix A. B efore, during and after matrix The before, during and after training matrix is a table-like structure that serves two purposes. The first purpose is that it facilitates the diagnosis of problems that are associated with transfer of training. The second purpose is that it serves as an assurance that the transfer of training activity was done to completion. The constituent elements of the matrix are the training manager’s, trainer’s and the trainee’s responsibilities before, during and after learning has been transferred. Each of these elements is entered into its appropriate cell in the before, during and after training matrix. Figure 1 in appendix B shows an empty before, during and after training matrix. Before, during and after matrix for Netsoft’s training program The before, during and after matrix for Netsoft’s training program is shown in appendix C Evaluation rating By doing evaluation rating, a rating form is useful in measuring the behavio r of individual participants in an organizations training program. The rating form is usually accompanied with a corresponding rating scale. The rating form usually has a number of items for which the participants of the organizations training program get graded for. The measuring process of the evaluation rating activity usually has its designated period in which to measure the behaviors of the participants. In an example of an evaluation rating procedure it may be required that the sensitivity (which is the behavior) of a manager be measured using data collected for 3 months. Sensitivity in this case may be defined as the manager’s perception of the personal problems, needs and concerns of others. The rating scale may be 1 to represent always, 2 to represent usually, 3 to represent sometimes, 4 to represent seldom and 5 to represent never. To measure the behavior (sensitivity) a question can be put forward as to how many times in the three months the manager has elicited th e perceptions, feelings and concerns of other individuals? Using the rating scale the answer to this question can be 1 to imply that the manager over the past 3 months always elicited the perceptions, feelings and concerns of other individuals. Evaluation rating for Netsfoft’s training program The evaluation rating done here for Netsoft’s training program follows a 60 days assessment of level 3 (performance) objectives. In this rating, the behaviors to be measured are competency, understanding and mastering. Competency is how well vast a participant is with fiber optic technology. Understanding is how well a participant synthesizes the various concepts of fiber optic technology. Mastering is how well a participant retains the knowledge he or she as acquired on fiber optic technology. These three behaviors are measured on a scale of 1 to 3 such that 1 represents poorly, 2 represents fairly and 3 represents well. Depending on how a question is answered, a participant can only score one of these ratings. After answering all the questions, the average is taken and the participant’s level of competency, understanding and mastering determined. For competency the questions to be asked are: What is fiber optic? What is fiber optic technology? Which are the concepts that underlie the technology? For understanding the questions to be asked are: Explain the fundamental concepts underlying fiber optic technology Explain are the advantages of the technology? Explain are the disadvantages of the technology? Explain the standards that govern fiber optic technology For mastering, the questions to be asked are: Name the advantages of the fiber optic technology Name the disadvantages of the technology Name the networking standards that govern the technology Cost benefit calculation In the doing cost benefit calculations stage of the organizational training design two important values are determined which are the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and the return On Investment (ROI). These two values are calculated from the costs that an organization as incurred to successfully complete the training program and the benefits it has yielded. The BCR is a ratio that gives the magnitude of correlation between the costs an organization as incurred to the successfully complete the training program and the benefits it has yielded (Investopedia, ULC, 2011, 1). It is given as the quotient of the total benefits and total costs of an organizations training program. The ROI, sometimes given as a percentage, is a performance measure that evaluates the efficiency of an organizations investment, which in this case is the training program (Investopedia, ULC, 2011, 1). The ROI is given as the quotient of the net total benefits realized from an investment and the total costs of the investment. If the ROI is to be given as a percentage, 100 multiply the quotient. Cost Benefit calculations for Netsoft’s training program From the data given in part F of the synthesis project, the BCR for Netsoft’s training program is, BCR = Total benefits/Total costs = 329,201 / 164,863 = 1.9968. From the data given in part F of the synthesis project, the ROI for Netsoft’s training program is, ROI = ( Net total benefits/ total costs) 100 = ((329,201 164,863) / 164,863) 100 = 99.6816%. Conclusion The report’s main conclusion is that organization training is important in helping a company achieve its mission and goals and thus each stage of the organization training design process should be carried out properly. The goals to be attained as a result of an organization’s training program should be in line with the strategic needs of the organization in which the program is implemented. References Big Dog Little Dog’s performance Juxtaposition. (2010). Kirkpatrick’s four-level training evaluation model. Retrieved from nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/isd/kirkpatrick.html Investopedia, ULC. Benefit cost ratio. Retrieve d from investopedia.com/terms/b/bcr.asp#axzz1dWAsa79S Investopedia, ULC. Return on investment-roi. Retrieved from investopedia.com/terms/b/bcr.asp#axzz1dWAsa79S Miller, J. A. and Osinski, D. M. Training needs assessment. Retrieved from ispi.org/pdf/suggestedReading/Miller_Osinski.pdf SIL International. (1999) What is an objective. Retrieved from sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/ReferenceMaterials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatIsAnObjective.htm WebFinance. (2010). Organization. Retrieved from businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.html Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.(2011) Organizational analysis. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_analysis Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.(2011) Lesson plan. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_analysis

Friday, November 22, 2019

Facts and Geography of Honduras

Facts and Geography of Honduras Honduras is a country located in Central America on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador and has a population of just under eight million. Honduras is considered a developing nation and it is the second poorest country in Central America. History of Honduras Honduras has been inhabited for centuries by various native tribes. The largest and most developed of these were the Mayans. European contact with the area began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus claimed the region and named it Honduras (depths in Spanish) because the coastal waters surrounding the lands were very deep. In 1523, Europeans began to further explore Honduras when Gil Gonzales de Avila entered the then-Spanish territory. A year later, Cristobal de Olid established the colony of Triunfo de la Cruz on behalf of Hernan Cortes. Olid however, tried to establish an independent government and he was later assassinated. Cortes then formed his own government in the city of Trujillo. Shortly thereafter, Honduras became a part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.Throughout the mid-1500s, native Hondurans worked to resist Spanish exploration and control of the region but after several battles, Spain took control of the area. Spanish rule over Honduras lasted until 1821 when the country gained its independence. Following its independence from Spain, Honduras was briefly under the control of Mexico. In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America federation which later collapsed in 1838.During the 1900s, Hondurass economy was centered on agriculture and particularly on United State s-based companies that formed plantations throughout the country. As a result, the countrys politics were focused on ways to maintain the relationship with the U.S. and keep foreign investments.With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, Hondurass economy began to suffer and from that time until 1948, the authoritarian General Tiburcio Carias Andino controlled the country. In 1955, a government overthrow occurred and in 1957, Honduras had its first elections. However, in 1963, a coup took place and the military again ruled the country throughout much of the later 1900s. During this time, Honduras experience instability.From 1975 to 1978 and from 1978 to 1982, Generals Melgar Castro and Paz Garcia ruled Honduras, during which time, the country grew economically and developed much of its modern infrastructure. Throughout the rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s and 2000s, Honduras experienced seven democratic elections and in 1982, it developed its modern constitution. Government After more instability in the later 2000s, Honduras today considered a democratic constitutional republic. The executive branch is made up of the chief of state and the head of state - both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch is comprised of the unicameral Congress of Congreso Nacional and the judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court of Justice. Honduras is divided into 18 departments for local administration. Economics and Land Use Honduras is the second poorest country in Central America and has a highly uneven distribution of income. Most of the economy is based on exports. The largest agricultural exports from Honduras are bananas, coffee, citrus, corn, African palm, beef, timber shrimp, tilapia and lobster. Industrial products include sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products, and cigars. Geography and Climate Honduras is located in Central America along the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Oceans Gulf of Fonseca. Since it is located in Central America, the country has a subtropical climate throughout its lowlands and coastal areas. Honduras has a mountainous interior which has a temperate climate. Honduras is also prone to natural disasters like hurricanes, tropical storms, and flooding. For example, in 1998, Hurricane Mitch destroyed much of the country and wiped out 70% of its crops, 70-80% of its transportation infrastructure, 33,000 homes and killed 5,000 people. In addition in 2008, Honduras experienced severe flooding and almost half of its roads were destroyed. Facts Population: 7,989,415 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: TegucigalpaBordering Countries: Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El SalvadorLand Area: 43,594 square miles (112,909 sq km)Coastline: 509 miles (820 km)Highest Point: Cerro Las Minas at 9,416 feet (2,870 m)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Britain and the Euro Zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britain and the Euro Zone - Essay Example Economically, Greece is ranked 32nd largest in the globe at around 312 billion U.S. dollars by nominal gross domestic product going by world bank statistics for the 2009-2010 financial year. Greece is ranked the 15th largest economy in the European Union, an organization that has 27 members. Greece was formally admitted, in June 2000, as a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, commonly referred to as the Euro Zone. Amid reports of deliberate financial accounting records manipulation and misinformation practices, Greece has been subject to the worst crisis since 1974 (Lynn 2011). The Greece government revised its prediction of deficit from 3.7% to 12.7% of the GDP in 2009. In May 2010, the government’s deficit rose to a whooping 13.6% of the GDP – on e of the world’s highest. In November, 2010, Greece’s government deficit was estimated at close to 15.5% of the country’s GDP, public debt being set at close to 127% of the GDP (Ingrid and Papchristou 2009). Effectively, this is the largest deficit amongst the European Union member countries. As a result of this situation, international confidence in the country’s ability to pay back its debts got into a serious crisis. Following Greece’s deplorable and pitiable situation, the International Monetary Fund and the European Union offered an austerity package much to the fury of the Greek nationals. The situation has further led to public unrest and riots (Charter 2010). The European Central Bank in a bid to lift Greek back to its feet released a bailout package aimed at lowering the country’s public debt mountain (Lynn 2011; Castle and Ewing 2012). The measure was instituted after a balance was struck between the central bank’s adherence to EU laws and helping depressed EU governments. EU law forbids the central bank from offering monetary financing to the governments. In respect of the same, the ECB

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Essay

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Pluralistic Society - Essay Example By definition, a society is composed of a group of people who shares the same beliefs, values, interests, and activities. It can be an ethnic group, a community, or a country. In relation to this, there are also different types of society that exists and co-exists. One of these societies is the pluralistic type of society where power is distributed within the sub-groups in the society. Aside from distribution of power, a pluralistic society is also diverse such as the American society (Carroll and Buchholtz 6-8). In relation to this, the diverse languages present in the American pluralistic society had greatly affected the education system of America. The differences of language brought by studying within a majority culture bring difficulties to students that enter the American educational system. There have been an increasing number of students who speak other languages other than English which causes these students to be inarticulate in the English language. Also, due to the increa se of multilingual or non-English speaking students, the educational system must provide instructions in line with the mother language of the students. In this manner, the educational system must be reevaluated in order to provide the necessary instructions for all students. Also, the cultural diversity affects the American educational system because most of the time, the minority groups are continued to be taught with the curriculum that is not based on their culture. This is because the instruction materials, as well as the teachers, continue to teach through the usual American educational system. As a result, the student will eventually be affected in terms of his or her cultural behavior (Hardman, Drew, and Egan; Naylor 99). In relation to the business industry or the corporate world of America, the presence of language and cultural diversity also means that the workforce will be made up of different types of people. These differences encompass the different beliefs, cultural or ientation, gender, race, and ethnicity. Due to this, corporate America had used the term workplace diversity in order to cite such differences. Workplace diversity also plays a vital role in the manner of managing and handling employees from top to bottom. Also, workplace diversity, if managed properly, is an advantageous way of opening a company or an industry to a more diverse clientele. In order to gain optimum advantage of workplace diversity, managers have been trained with different diversity programs. Some of the few advantages of workplace diversity include acquisition of resources, advantage in the branch of marketing, and the ability to complement bilingual skill with the orthodox skills (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 252-254). There were also changes in America’s mass media during the time when the American society became more and more pluralistic. Many of the media outlets conceded that it was important to act upon the continuing pluralistic society of the United Stat es fairly. In this manner, changes were done in the attitude of the media in stereotyping. In the early 1980, many of the minority groups in America were represented falsely in movies, television, and even in novels and books. However, as the increase of language and cultural diversity occurred in the United States, many media outlets had employed and changed the perspectives on minority

Sunday, November 17, 2019

United States Essay Example for Free

United States Essay My life is different today than what it was seven years ago. Seven years ago, I lived in my home country, Bangladesh, and now I am currently live in the United States of America. First of all, In Bangladesh, I was in middle school. Attending middle school wasn’t too hard. It was actually a bit fun. In middle school, I had less homework to do, and it was fairly since I did not have many responsibilities. Now I am in college, attending Macomb community college. I am getting really stressed out and having many types of difficulties. I am struggling to keep good grades and have lots of homework to do daily. I had many friends during my days in high school, but as I attended college, friends grew apart; now I am stuck with just a few. Secondly, I did not have any responsibilities seven years ago. But as an adult, now I have to learn to take care of many responsibilities and give my all to live successfully. I did not know how to even cook at the age of 15, but now I know how to cook pretty much everything. Finally, in Bangladesh, I did not need to drive since everything in my town was close. Living in America, on the other hand, I am forced to have transportation to get around. Therefore, I had to get my license to accomplish each day’s task. Many changes have occurred in the last seven years in my life; however, these changes made me live up and the face world daily.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Tom Clancy Essay -- Essays Papers

Tom Clancy When choosing an author for my paper, I chose international suspense because I am very interested in foreign relations and the technology of modern day war. I have read stories by Edgar Allen Poe, with suspense and vivid imagery, which reminded me of Clancy's work. I decided to choose Tom Clancy because of his talent to weave such realistic tales of international suspense. Clancy creates the scenes in his books with such detail, it makes the reader feel like he/she is there. My first choice for this paper was Dr. Suess, but because he has passed away, I had to keep looking. I knew very little information about my author before writing this paper. I had read two of his books, but had no real knowledge of his personal life or past history. Tom Clancy, a successful American author of international suspense, has captured his love of military and technology and profitably employed it in the books he writes. The life of Thomas L. Clancy Jr. started like any other, but changed with the success of his work. He was born the year 1947, in the City of Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a postal carrier and also a store credit employer (Speace 98). Clancy spent his life educated in only Catholic schools. Because of this Clancy says, "I was never swept up in the drugs or music"(Cohen 2). He attended Loyola College in Baltimore Maryland, and earned a degree in English (Speace 98). At that time, Clancy then tried to enlist in the army. He was excused though, because of a case of myopia. "I thought I would have made a good tank commander"(Speace 99) , said Clancy, whose childhood dreams had been broken when he was kept from entering into the military. He then took on a career as an insurance agent in Baltimore Maryland, and kept that job until around 1973 (Speace 98). He then became a business owner from 1973 to the year 1980. In 1969, Clancy married a woman named Wanda Thomas, who was an eye surgeon and an insurance agency manager (Speace 98). They had four children, Michelle, Christine, Tom, and Kathleen, and a dog named Freddie (Cohen 115). They lived on 400 wooded acres in Maryland, along the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. Standing on the front lawn is a tank, given to him as a gift by his wife at the time (Schindehette 114). On the property there are also two tennis courts, two basketball courts, a full length football field and... ... go of your dreams when there are obstacles in the way. Works Cited Speace, Geri. NewsMakers. 1998 vol. New York, 1998. Cohen, Rich. "Master of War" Rolling Stone December 1994:114 Greenberg, Martin H. The Tom Clancy Companion. New York: Berkley Books, 1992. http://www.RedStorm Entertainment.com RedStorm Entertainment, 1999. Cerasini, Marc A. Tom Clancy's Fiction: The Birth of a Techno Thriller. New York: Berkley Books, 1991. Zaleski, Jeff. "The Hunt for Tom Clancy". Publishers Weekly 15 July 1998 Schindehette, Susan. "Storm Rising". People Magazine 15 June 1998: 141 Clancy, Tom. Op Center. New York: Berkley Publishing Corp., 1995 Clancy, Tom. Sum of All Fears. New York: Berkley Publishing Corp., 1992 Clancy, Tom. Red Storm Rising. New York: Putnam Books, 1986 Hitbrand, David. "Tom Clancy's Op Center". People Magazine 27 February 1995:12 "There's No Pot of Gold at the End of Clancy's ‘Rainbow Six'". The Washington Post 7 September 1998, Final ed Zinsser, John. "Clear and Present Sounds". Publishers Weekly 3 July 1998: pages N/A Maryles, Daisy. "Clancy's Latest Victory". Publishers Weekly 17 August 1998: pages N/A

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Madame Bovary And The Death Of Ivan Ilych Essay

What is the nature of man? Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary and Leo Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilych portray not only a glimpse of what man’s nature is, but also in so doing provide a criticism of it. Both works look into the life of people who want more out of life, and yet ironically what they desire only adds shallowness and not meaning to their existence. Whereas Flaubert’s Madam Bovary shows the depressing end of a woman consumed by passions, Tolstoy gives hope with a dying man’s last days where he gets an epiphany of what the nature of man should be. Emma is Madame Bovary, a young woman who lived in her world of romantic fantasy. She came from the country and read romantic novels when she was in the convent, and believed in earnest that love and marriage will make her happy. But after marrying a simple-minded and incompetent doctor Charles, she grows disillusioned as she sinks in the routine activities of daily life. She wanted romance, passion, excitement, and although her husband loves her and adores her, she wanted more. She wanted the latest trends in fashion and she felt that she was born unjustly to a lower class than was supposed to be for her, the aristocrat. But Emma does nothing to earn the admiration or the respect of the people she admired: she can copy their outward mannerism and clothes, but she does not have the refinement or the manners to be truly aristocratic. She merely believes in her fantasy world where the aristocrats live in luxury and a life of excitement. She was ambitious, but did not have any means to acquire her material cravings but for using her beauty and body. She gets into extramarital affairs because she finds her married life dull, even when she gives birth to a daughter. She does not take care of her daughter because she wanted a boy, and instead romps off with Rodolphe Boulanger, and does not care what other people say. She is oftentimes indiscreet and cares not of her reputation or her husband’s. Emma is self-centered and she had a sense of entitlement and superiority which had no basis but drove her to act without a thought to the consequences of her actions. She is, in a way, always likening herself to playing a role that sparks her imagination at the moment: a young woman being married to a foreign doctor, a middle class with a noble’s spirit, a bored wife having an affair, a lover, a woman of rich tastes. She could not accept that her reality was the norm and that her fantasies were exaggerated, dramatic ideals. When she was young she wanted the same romance she read in her romantic novels. When she became exposed to the high society at the ball she wanted to become like them. When she saw the melodramatic opera â€Å"Lucia de Lammemoor† she adopts the character and like her commits suicide. She drove herself to debt by buying expensive items which she sometimes gave as gifts to her lovers even when she had no means of paying for these in the first place. She signed promissory notes even when she did not understand them because the merchant Lheureux played with her fantasy that she was meant for the finest things in life. When her first lover leaves her, she is distraught and falls gravely ill. With her second affair she acts as the man, covering the costs for the affair and taking charge of where, when, and how they will meet. Her debts pile up as she purchases more and more to fill the gaping hole in her being. She believed she needed passion and excitement, but it seems that what she really needed was purpose and direction, for her life held no meaning. Her innocent tendency towards romance is transformed into full blown moral corruption as she was unable to hold herself together and keep her urges and desires under control. Emma is not productive, she has no desire to improve herself or her skills, and she does not nurture her relationships with her husband, her daughter, not even with her lovers. She just saw them as means of escape from her dull life, and when they fall short of her expectations she just drops them. When the consequences of her actions finally catch up on her and her world becomes smaller and smaller, she decides to play a role – that of a tragic heroine and kills herself with swallowing arsenic. She could not face up to the trouble that she has caused and decides to escape rather than take responsibility as she could not imagine a life of poverty and shame – although her whole life she was never wealthy and she lived a scandalous life with her known affairs. Up until then she saw her life differently – believed she had wealth, pride and breeding because that was what she wanted, but sadly these did not bring her the happiness she sought. Emma had a good life but was not able to appreciate it with her preoccupation with the things she did not have. By focusing her energies on her fantasies of wealth and romance she failed to live her life to the fullest, and for the most part it could be said that she was living in a dream and when she woke to find herself in the gravity of her real life situation, she killed herself to escape, but there was no going back to her fantasy world, and no redemption as even after her death her husband discovers her infidelity which kills him and her daughter sent off to work on a cotton mill. In her, we see the nature of man as ruled by emotions, desires and appetites, without caution or control, without compassion to others. Emma was not able to see and recognize the humanity in her, all the time she was acting out, even her motherly functions, her martyr facade. She never truly enjoyed life because she never saw anything and anyone beyond their appearances, and never learned to appreciate the little things that make life worthwhile. The theme of life and death is also examined in Leo Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilych, where he uses the characters to critique the artificial life that people live in society characterized by materialism and shallowness. Tolstoy puts forward a picture of society with striking honesty and insight: individuals do not behave as individuals but rather aspire to be like everybody else, trying to live a correct life as appropriated by norms, striving to have a comfortable life accentuated with material wealth even if their spiritual life and human relationships are dry and empty. With his narrative, Tolstoy then poses the question of what is important in life, how life should be led, and ultimately, how important life is and how people take it for granted by deluding themselves into believing they are exempt from death. Most of the characters in the story are portrayed as materialistic social climbers, who equated material wealth and position in society as determinants of success and happiness. Ivan, his wife and daughter, his supposed friends, all troubled themselves with appearances – they were preoccupied with proper decorum and attires, of looking well off, of having power over others. But these are all temporal, for these things do not really matter in the face of death. Ivan finds out that what is important is living one’s life according to one’s own vindication, not blindly following trends in society which results in a shallow, routine, meaningless life. He belatedly understood that empathy and recognizing the individual as an individual with thoughts and emotions rather than as subjects with mere faces is what mattered in life, that to live humanly is what gives life its meaning. Only Gerasim and his son are the ones in the story that have empathy and humanity in them – in Gerasim it is made obvious by his understanding that everybody, regardless of position or appearance, are all equal, with the same fate waiting for them in the end, especially when he said, â€Å"We shall all of us die, so why should I grudge a little trouble? †. The son, on the other hand, is the only one in Ivan household who showed any feelings for his dying father – he took his father’s hand and kissed it while crying. This can be taken as the boy was young; he was still innocent and not yet tainted with the demands of society. Ivan himself was dissatisfied with the boy because he behaved differently from him, his wife and daughter, but in his last days it was his son who showed him that there is a human soul in the world who regarded his life important. Also, this depiction of the innocence in childhood is mirrored in Ivan’s experiences: the only times he felt truly alive was when he was a boy, before he went to Law School. Being assimilated into society, he found that he trapped himself into a prison of standards, and lived a largely artificial life. Tolstoy showed that an artificial life is characterized by materialism and social climbing. At the beginning of the story, we find Ivan dead but his friends were chiefly concerned with the position that he will be vacating, the promotions and changes in the workplace and what they have to gain from it, all the while denying to themselves that they too will end up like Ivan sooner or later, that they will die eventually. They act as though they could live forever and concern themselves with the trivial everyday things. Even in his wake, his friends put a show of grievance because it was what was required of â€Å"friends†, but were more interested in playing bridge. They did not see the inevitability of death and suffering, of the hollowness of their lives. Peter Ivanovich, Ivan’s perceived closest friend, somehow felt disturbed and concerned, but rushed to quell these feelings because he reasoned he was alive and Ivan dead and there should be no reason to â€Å"hinder their spending the evening agreeably†. When he was still alive, Ivan himself saw how he had lived superficially in the way his doctors treated him, as though he was some subject whose sentence they hold in their hands, his life holding no real importance or meaning to the doctors. What mattered to the doctors was their perception of themselves that they feel important and significant by virtue of their occupation; that is what gave them satisfaction and purpose. Ivan himself acted the same way many times in his life – with the accused brought before him he reduced them to facts on paper and did not see them as individuals, he got married for it was expected of a man of his station and chose a bride not out of love or devotion but out of the social status it will benefit him. In the end, the story teaches that material wealth and position in society are not what matters. In the face of death, one looks back at the quality of life that he has led, and the most precious times would be the ones he felt most alive, when he was free and himself. The Death of Ivan Ilych and Madame Bovary teach us the nature of man as susceptible to fantasies of the happiness that wealth and material possessions can bring, but in reality these are more likely to corrupt us than give us real happiness. The nature of man is that of desire – desire to achieve in all aspects of life, and in this man should always apply himself to make himself a better person. However, desire for achievement is different from greed. Achievement should not only be limited to the professional and material aspects of life, but more importantly to the relationships with others. The meaning and purpose of life is not about the material achievement but how well one lived his life. Man’s nature reflects that of his society, and society that of man, as the individual is part of the whole and the whole consists of its parts. Both protagonists were deeply influenced by their time and what was regarded as important then. They have let others dictate, influence and take advantage of them, and by not taking responsibility d control over their lives they eventually found themselves in situations they did not dream of. This could have only come up to those who did not examine their actions and the kind of life they lead. Emma and Ivan believed that wealth and material things can bring happiness, but they both ended up dead – although here the stories’ protagonists differ. Whereas Emma chooses suicide to escape her suffering, Ivan comes to terms with his death and accepts it. Although Emma’s final act was of her own decision, we cannot say that she was finally taking things in her hands as before that she was always feeling hindered and trapped by her circumstances. She did not have a realization of what brought down her downfall, even in her final days she did not know what held meaning and not. Her suicide, like all her actions before, was an attempt at escaping reality, and this time she succeeded. Emma was not able to redeem herself, nor was she able to see what would make her life happy, but Ivan was changed and in his last days was able to make sense of his suffering. Tolstoy showed that no matter how sullen or materialistic a man behaved and lived, there is still hope for him to change as long as he lives. That man’s innate nature is towards living an authentic life, towards goodness, and that even if society is corrupt and superficial, pure love and humanity also exists, and it is always within us, and also in our capacity, to choose what kind of life to lead.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Marketing †product, pricing &description Essay

Initial Product: The Company plans to pursue vigorously and at an accelerated rate the development, production and marketing of artificial lumbar disc . The goal would be apart from being superior to other products it should affordable for the masses in Canada keeping in mind that very few people rely on medical insurances and pay from their own pocket.. Emphasis would be on improving the reliability of the device, and also incorporating digital circuitry or sensors to monitor the position of the device after it has been implanted on to the patient. The company would also like to pay for any revision surgeries for the patients if required. We would also manufacture associated devices/instrumentation required for surgical procedures. Short term Product: In the second year of business the Spinal Dynamics would try to pursue development of a cervical (upper back) artificial disc based on the previous design but much smaller in size. Long Term Product: Plan would be to improve the lumbar artificial disc and come up with better device material, in order to make it more durable and wear resistant. We would also try to incorporate digital circuitry in order to monitor the position of the device post surgically. DESIGN PROTOTYPE The design would be similar to the current Charite disc by Depuy Spine . A polymer sliding core at the middle with two cobalt chrome end plate would be the basic construct design. KEY FEATURES & BENEFITS The strategic product benefit of Prime disc would be its being minimally invasive, ability to alleviate pain and capability to restore normal range of motion. The main benefit would be that the device would be manufactured in Canada, and thus would be first of its kind. Spinal Dynamics would also file for patent protection . It would be economically priced, in order to make it more affordable for the masses in Canada. PRICING PLANS The current market price for an artificial disc implant is approximately 5000USD-10,000USD. The aim of Spinal Dynamics is to minimize the cost of the implant, by manufacturing the implant in Canada at half of the existing price. The price per device would be approximately 1000USD. COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT Companies Differentiators Medtronic De-puy Synthes Spine. Core Competency brand name Huge range of products Backed by Johnson&Johnson Established brand name Technology/Innovation Highly innovative Highly innovative Specialized in spinal areas Unique distribution NO NO NO PART C: OPERATIONS LOCATION & FACILITIES Spinal Dynamics would be renting a 1500 sq feet area for our office space in Toronto, Canada. The space would be divided into 10 cubicles, with two cabins for the presidents and the senior scientist. 15 Dell Inspiron Desktops would be bought and housed in each cubicle and cabins. An annual license from Abaqus and CATIA would be purchased, which could be renewed from time to time. Apart from these a high speed internet connection, an office LAN would be required. A back up system would be put in place to secure the data files every week. External hard disks and other data storage devices would be bought for this purpose Also a Plotter and two HP Laser printer would be bought. On a parallel level a small office place would be leased in U. S at Toledo, Ohio from where few team members would be working. This group would be dealing with testing and development of experimental protocol for the device. Both the groups would be communicating via emails , phone calls etc. This model would enable Spinal dynamics to save some cost on procuring expensive equipments for testing , and also they can work with various universities in and around Toledo. Apart from this there would be direct communication with experts like Dr Vijay Goel and Lisa Ferrara who all belong to the Advisory committee and currently reside in U. S. R&D Plans: Spinal Dynamics will produce artificial disc implants with the strategic product benefits of being minimally invasive, will alleviate pain and would restore normal range of motion. Spinal Dynamic’s unique product design is based upon extensive market research. Though some reverse engineering concepts would be applied to the pre-existing products in the market, the idea would be to incorporate the best features from all of them. CATIA CAD software in synchronization with ABAQUS an FEA tool would be used for design development. After the design concept is fully developed a prototype will be manufactured. The design team will comprise of 5 team members who will be proficient in CAD/FEA area, this team will be headed by The R&D head Dr Ahmad Faizan. 1) All initial manufacturing work would be done by S&S manufacturing a 3rd party prototype manufacturing company. 2) The design’s functionality would be tested by various experiments, namely using MTS simulator and other biomechanical-cadaveric studies. The protocols would be developed accordingly and approved by the management. The testing could be done at various universities at a much cheaper cost than buying costly equipments initially. 3) Clinical trials would be undertaken through hospitals under the guidance of physicians and patients who would be willing to participate in this trial. Legal aspects would be taken care of, in case the design does not work. The patient’s suitability to the trial would be selected based on the physician’s decision. 4) After the first four stages a pilot manufacturing would be undertaken, and 100 devices would be produced. 5) The device’s testing results would be submitted for FDA and other approvals and accordingly vigorous testing would be undertaken if the need be. 6) After formal approval we would plan to set up a state of art manufacturing shop floor, where the devices would be manufactured and sterile packed. Title Description Start Date Finish Date Remarks Priority/ Sequence Facility development Construction June 2008 Oct 2008 Very important/ First priority Product development Design & prototype June 2009 Should be started as soon as the facility is set up Testing Clinical Trial-short term and long term September 2010 Approvals Obtaining approvals October 2010 Pilot Test Initial Pilot test November 2010 Production Full fledged production.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Malaysian Rainforests Overview

Malaysian Rainforests Overview Southeast Asian rainforests, such as those that dominate the Malaysian region, are believed to be the oldest and some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world. However, they are now in danger of disappearing due to a number of human activities that threaten the ecosystem. Location The Malaysian rainforest eco-region extends across peninsular Malaysia to the extreme southern tip of Thailand. Characteristics Malaysian rainforests contain several different forest types throughout the region. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), these include lowland dipterocarp forest, hill dipterocarp forest, upper hill dipterocarp forest, oak-laurel forest, montane ericaceous forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest, heath forest, and forests that thrive on limestone and quartz ridges. Historical Extent of Habitat The extent of Malaysias land surface was forested before humans began clearing trees. Current Extent of Habitat Currently, forests cover about 59.5 percent of the total land area. Ecological Significance Malaysian rainforests support a vast diversity of plant and animal life, including approximately 200 mammal species (such as the rare Malayan tiger, Asian elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, gaur, and clouded leopard), over 600 species of birds, and 15,000 plants. Thirty-five percent of these plant species are found nowhere else in the world. Threats The clearing of forest land by humans is the primary threat to the Malaysian rainforest ecosystem and its inhabitants. Lowland forests have been cleared to create rice fields, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, and orchards. In conjunction with these industries, logging has boomed as well, and the development of human settlements further threatens the forests. Conservation Efforts WWF-Malaysias Forest for Life Programme works to improve forest preservation and management practices throughout the region, paying special attention to the restoration of degraded areas where critical forest corridors are required by wildlife for safe travel throughout their habitats. WWFs Forest Conversion Initiative works with producers, investors, and retailers around the world to ensure that expansion of oil palm plantations does not threaten High Conservation Value Forests. Get Involved Support the World Wildlife Funds efforts in establishing and improving protected areas by signing up as a Direct Debit Donor. Travel to WWFs project sites in Malaysia to help contribute to the local economy with your tourism dollars and exhibit global support of these conservation programs. You will help to prove that protected areas can generate income for the state governments without the need to exploit our natural resources unsustainably, explains WWF. Forest managers and timber products processors can join the Malaysia Forest and Trade Network (MFTN). When buying any wood product, from pencils to furniture to construction materials, be sure to check sources and, ideally, choose only certified sustainable products. Find out how you can help WWFs Heart of Borneo project by contacting: Hana S. HarunCommunications Officer (Malaysia, Heart of Borneo)WWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 242 531 Join the Restore and Kinabatangan - Corridor of Life initiatives to reforest the Corridor of Life in the Kinabatangan Floodplain. If your company would like to contribute to reforestation work, please contact the Reforestation Officer: Kertijah Abdul KadirReforestation OfficerWWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 248 697

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Language Acquisition in Children

Language Acquisition in Children The term language acquisition refers to the development of language in children. By age 6, children have usually mastered most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language. Second language acquisition (also known as second language learning or sequential language acquisition) refers to the process by which a person learns a foreign language- that is, a language other than their mother tongue. Examples and Observations For children, acquiring a language is an effortless achievement that occurs: Without explicit teaching,On the basis of positive evidence (i.e., what they hear),Under varying circumstances, and in a limited amount of time,In identical ways across different languages. ... Children achieve linguistic milestones in parallel fashion, regardless of the specific language they are exposed to. For example, at about 6-8 months, all children start to babble ... that is, to produce repetitive syllables like bababa. At about 10-12 months they speak their first words, and between 20 and 24 months they begin to put words together. It has been shown that children between 2 and 3 years speaking a wide variety of languages use infinitive verbs in main clauses ... or omit sentential subjects ... although the language they are exposed to may not have this option. Across languages young children also over-regularize the past tense or other tenses of irregular verbs. Interestingly, similarities in language acquisition are observed not only across spoken languages, but also between spoken and signed languages. (Marà ­a Teresa Guasti, Language Acquisition: The Growth of Grammar. MIT Press, 2002) Typical Speech Timetable for English-Speaking Child Week 0 - CryingWeek 6 - Cooing (goo-goo)Week 6 - Babbling (ma-ma)Week 8 - Intonation patternsWeek 12: Single wordsWeek 18 - Two-word utterancesYear 2: Word endingsYear 2 ½: NegativesYear 2 ¼: QuestionsYear 5: Complex constructionsYear 10: Mature speech patterns (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997) The Rhythms  of Language At around nine months of age, then, babies start to give their utterances a bit of a beat, reflecting the rhythm of the language theyre learning. The utterances of English babies start to sound like te-tum-te-tum. The utterances of French babies start to sound like rat-a-tat-a-tat. And the utterances of Chinese babies start to sound like sing-song. ... We get the feeling that language is just around the corner.This feeling is reinforced by [an]other feature of language..: intonation. Intonation is the melody or music of language. It refers to the way the voice rises and falls as we speak. (David Crystal, A Little Book of Language. Yale University Press, 2010) Vocabulary Vocabulary and grammar grow hand in hand; as toddlers learn more words, they use them in combination to express more complex ideas. The kinds of objects and relationships that are central to daily life influence the content and complexity of a childs early language. (Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman, Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach, 10th ed. Wadsworth, 2009)Humans mop up words like sponges. By the age of five, most English-speaking children can actively use around 3,000 words, and more are added fast, often quite long and complex ones. This total rises to 20,000 around the age of thirteen, and to 50,000 or more by the age of about twenty. (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997) The Lighter Side of Language Acquisition Child: Want other one spoon, Daddy.Father: You mean, you want the other spoon.Child: Yes, I want other one spoon, please, Daddy.Father: Can you say the other spoon?Child: Other ... one ... spoon.Father: Say other.Child: Other.Father: Spoon.Child: Spoon.Father: Other spoon.Child: Other ... spoon. Now give me other one spoon. (Martin Braine, 1971; quoted by George Yule in The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Richard Branson Leadership Style and Philosophy Essay

Richard Branson Leadership Style and Philosophy - Essay Example The present research has identified that over the years the Virgin Group has always been famous for their focus on customer service. However, Branson’s theory asserts that their highest priority is in making their employees as comfortable as possible. The reasoning behind this theory is that when a company has happy and satisfied employees, the employees will be able to give their best in the production process. As a result, the products and services that are produced by such companies will be in accordance with the expectation of the customers. As a result, customers will be satisfied and will remain loyal to the brand. This implies that there will be higher profits, which simply mean that investors will also be highly rewarded for their investment. Despite the fact that the Virgin Group has businesses in various parts of the world, it is improper to refer to the Virgin Group as a multinational. This is because all their businesses operate separately with Branson serving as a major shareholder in all cases. He also acts as the chairman and public relations supremo in all cases. Branson believes in product departmentalization, which refers to dividing an organization into various departments depending on the kind of product or service that they produce. For the sake of flexibility and the highly changing business environment, Branson believes that business organizations can highly benefit from using organic structures. Their companies use various types of departmentalization such as geographic and customer departmentalization because of the independent nature of their companies. Richard Branson should consider more postmodern organizations. This is because globalization has led to a business environment where factors that affect the functioning of a business are more than just those that are dominant in the geographical area in which they operate. It gets to a moment that even the individual organizations will have to expand past their comfort zone for t he sake of growth and competitiveness. However, it should also be noted that globalization leads to a situation where cultures are crossing borders. This is an implication that business organization needs to be more flexible so that they can be able to adapt to the changes that are brought about by the growth of globalization.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway Article

Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway - Article Example The authors have used different studies to elaborate on the subject. The evidence is given from both strands of thoughts on the use of technology. Some believe that technology is useful for teens while others are against this view. The use of the internet in the workplace is also discussed and relevant studies are cited to highlight the negative effect of the internet on the productivity of employees. The tone of the article is academic in nature. The author has refrained from using opinions and subjective comments on the subjects. Everything that is mentioned in the article is backed by appropriate evidence which is good. The topic is also studied in depth and different aspects of the subject are highlighted. It can be safely said that authors have done justice with the subject. The article is also very informative and is written in a simple manner. Basic level English is used and flowery words are avoided. Authors are also ‘to the point’ when talking about internet procrastination. Emotions are also not used to explain anything in the article and everything is evidenced. The target audience of the article is the general academic and students of information technology. The article is not too technical therefore any internet using teenager can understand it. The way with which authors have conducted their research is also admirable since they have given all relevant information in a way that is understandable to everyone. Data was collected through the internet and email. Participants were required to fill a survey questionnaire and then filled questionnaires were studied for results. The survey was also filled voluntarily by participants, therefore, results should be considered objective.  

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example This civil war is a significant historical element and thus helps educate and enlighten readers. This source explores the influence slavery had on the civil war. It examines the role of slavery especially in influencing politics in the south. Of significant emphasis are the submissions of major political players and society from the southern region of America in relation to slave ownership. The author also highlights the role of black soldiers in the civil war and in what way they influenced the side that lost and that which lost the civil war. The author of this book dwells on the period before the civil war. He asserts that there were troubles over slavery that was slowly building up to a national phenomenon. He acknowledges that there were skirmishes along the North and South Border in relation to fugitive slaves. They were what shaped up politics and culture leading to the civil war. This source is instrumental in showing the build up to the war. It helps people know that political factions started forming a long time before the actual war started. It contributes to research by giving a wider scope of events leading to the civil

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Condition of the Working Class in england Analysis

The Condition of the Working Class in england Analysis Originally written in German as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England, The Condition of the Working Class in England, published in 1845 is a study of the proletarians in Victorian England. It was also Friedrich Engels first book, written during his stay in Manchester from 1842 to 1844. He was only 24 years old and son of a German textile manufacturer. He was sent to Manchester to work in a British textile firm owned by his father. Manchester was then at the very heart of the Industrial Revolution, and Engels compiled his study from his own observations and detailed contemporary reports as he immediately states in the Preface to the German Edition that we will analyse further on. It was his research methods which led to the conclusion regarding the structural inequalities which were, and are, inherent in the capitalist system. After considering other historians point of view in this essay I will argue that Engels and his book can indeed be considered reliable. Engels arrived in Manchester at almost the worst period of what was certainly the most catastrophic slump of the nineteenth century.  [1]  He shows that in large industrial cities mortality from disease, as well as death-rates for workers were higher than in the countryside. In cities like Manchester and Liverpool mortality from smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough was four times as high as in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high as in the countryside. The overall death-rate in Manchester and Liverpool was significantly higher than the national average (one in 32.72 and one in 31.90 and even one in 29.90, compared with one in 45 or one in 46).  [2]   Engels has been accused of everything: from taking too gloomy an interpretation of the conditions of the British working class in 1844, to handling his material in a way which falls below generally accepted standards of scholarship by two Manchester University researchers W. H. Chaloner and W. O. Henderson in 1958.  [3]  The British Marxist Historian Eric Hobsbawm, on the other hand, has defended his account vigorously in his book Labouring Men. Most of the people accepted Engels account as standards, even if they disagreed with the analysis and the conclusions and was consistently in print and widely regarded by non-Marxist historians as a reliable account which they could safely recommend to their students.  [4]   Nonetheless gloomy interpretations have been made by a number of other historians or writers such as Elisabeth Gaskell in her social novels Mary Barton or North and South, J.Philips Kay, contemporaries and contemporary journalists and also official reports like the ones used by Engels himself, the Report to the Home Secretary from the Poor-Law Commissioners or Observations on the Management of the Poor in Scotland and its Effects on the Health of Great Towns or the First Report of the Commissioners for Inquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts. Far more gloomy descriptions have been written down in the same year by a number of other people. Engels clearly does not want to impress, scare or disgust his readers, he gives details, facts and numbers, you can tell that he both used his personal experience of living in Manchester, when he says I have rarely come out of Manchester on such an evening (Saturday) without meeting numbers of people staggering and seeing others lying in the gutter.  [5]  He uses a number of different sources too, from Dr Kays The Moral and Physical Conditions of the Working Class, to Carlyles Chartism (London, 1840) and many more. Conditions in England were bad, filthy. People lived in an ill-ventilated and abominable state. Engels did not exaggerate at all as he personally states: I am forced to admit that instead of being exaggerated, it is far from black enough to convey a true impression of the filth, ruin, and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health which characterize the construction of this single district (Old Town of Manchester), containing at least twenty to thirty thousand inhabitants.  [6]  These descriptions are not even a bit revolting compared to the ones of Edwin Chadwick, Secretary of the Poor-Law Commissioners. He in fact writes: The scene which these places present at night is one of the most lamentable description; the crowded state of the beds, filled promiscuously with men, women, and children; the floor covered over with the filthy and ragged clothes they have just put off, and with their various bundles and packages containing al l the property they possess, mark the depraved and blunded state of their feelings, and the moral and social disorder which exists. The suffocating stench and heat of the atmosphere are almost intolerable to a person coming from the open air, and plainly indicates its insalubrity.  [7]   Even worse is the Report of the General Board of Health on the Epidemic Cholera: The worst circumstance about these slaughter-houses is the accumulation of an enormous quantity of animal and vegetable matter in large holes, where they lie festering, fermenting and putrefying together, and from which there is a constant emanation of offensive vapour poisoning the atmosphere (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I have seen persons heaving and vomiting. As to the houses, it is utterly impossible to keep the stench out by closed windows; every room is pervaded by it. I am myself obliged to put a handkerchief over my nose and mouth scented with spirits. Most of the neighbours awake with headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. It is one of the most disgusting sights to see the loading of charts; scores of yards of green, blue, or yellow putrid entails hang in festoons over the sides and wheels. I have also seen coagulated blood, and sometimes the whole stuff of a brownish red colour from this addition.  [8 ]   For honesty of intentions I also have to say that other reliable witnesses during the Industrial Revolutions such as British Conservative Statesman and literary figure Benjamin Disraeli or Alexis De Tocqueville in his Journeys to England Ireland do not regard the conditions of the British workers as significantly as Engels or Elisabeth Gaskell. Journeys to England and Ireland heralds Friedrich Engels Conditions of the Working Class in England, but although Tocqueville had been struck by the unhappy conditions of the English working people, he does not seem to have been in touch with Chartist activities in those years.  [9]  Benjamin Disraeli publishes his novel Sybil or The Two Nations trying to trace the difficulties of working classes in England, but then makes one of his characters say that statistics proved that the general condition of the people was much better at this moment than it had been at any known period of history.  [10]  This statistical argument was continue d and affirmed by Professor Silberling and for a generation the cheerful school (Chaloner and Henderson) pinned their faith primarily to him.  [11]  He constructed an index of money wages and of the cost of living for the first half of the nineteenth century and, combining both, arrived at the conclusion that the real wages of the working-class had risen. But he was wrong, because we know that the money-wage rates of a good many, generally skilled workers on time rates, and a lot on piece rates, which are, of course, not very helpful by themselves. We know next to nothing of what people actually earned. How much overtime or short time did they work? How often were they unemployed and for how long? As for the cost of living theory it was equally shaky because it was largely based on guesswork. Chaloner and Henderson point out Engels slips and minor errors, which even Hobsbawm admit that are very numerous. Normally, if a book is full of minor errors and transcription mistakes, it is normal to consider it dishonest, but not in this case. We have to focus on the nature of these inaccuracies. He has been accused to not quote bluebooks textually. A bluebook is a publication that establishes the correct form of case citations or of references to a legal authority showing where information can be found.  [12]  For example he wrote 16 years when the source said 17, he wrote that a sample of children was drawn from one Sunday school, whereas it was two, and so on. This could reduce the credibility of the book, it is true, but in any case readers that want to quote blue-books, should go to the original source in any case. Not that Engels is unreliable: in actual fact, the concrete cases where Engels slips or bias are alleged to have led him to give a wrong or misleading impressi on of the facts, can be counted on the fingers of two hands, and some of the accusations are wrong.  [13]   The first point to make is that most of the descriptions in The Condition of the Working Class in England are not those of Engels himself, but are taken from contemporary reports. Engels used a vast amount of material throughout his book. On a very rough count he used over 30 reports and articles, a number of the second from the Journal of the Statistical Society of London, over 25 official documents, including those of various Commissions of Enquiry (Childrens Employment, 1842 and 1843; Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population, 1842) and reports of Hansards Parliamentary Debates (1843 and 1844) and almost 60 newspaper articles. It is true that the majority (30) of the newspaper items were taken from the Northern Star, the central organ of the Chartists, but he also used the Manchester Guardian (10 items) and The Times (8 items) quite extensively. Engels himself says in the Preface to the German Edition:  [14]   Whenever I lacked official documents for describing the condition of the industrial workers, I always preferred to present proof from Liberal sources in order to defeat the liberal bourgeoisie by casting their own words in their teeth. I cited Tories or Chartists in my support only when I could confirm their correctness from personal observation or was convinced of the truthfulness of the facts quoted because of the personal or literary reputation of the authorities I referred to. Always in the Preface to the German Edition he says that he may have made some minor mistakes:  [15]   I know equally well that here and there I may be proved wrong in some particular of no importance, something that in view of the comprehensive nature of the subject, and its far-reaching assumptions, even an Englishman might be unable to avoid; so much the more since even in England there exists as yet not a single piece of writing which, like mine, takes up all the workers. But without a moments hesitation I challenge the English bourgeoisie to prove that even in a single instance of any consequence for the exposition of my point of view as a whole I have been guilty of any inaccuracy or to prove it by data as authentic as mine. Another way of discrediting Engels is to argue that the sources he uses are unpresentative or selective. Henderson and Chaloner say: These blue-books (or books, or pamphlets, or articles) were not disinterested searches for truth. They were compiled by reformers, passionately anxious to abolish certain abuses (or by revolutionaries, passionately anxious to discredit capitalism). Therefore they picked out the worst cases, because these would cause most public indignation.  [16]  But the exact same things and stories came out from nineteenth-century novelist that are reliable without statistics, partly because they are good observers, partly because the episodes described are far from unlikely. There is no strong evidence to the contrary, so why shouldnt we believe Engels? Chaloner and Henderson have tried really hard to shake the gloomy view of the condition of the British labouring people in the first half of the nineteenth-century, they have tried firmly to discredit Engels book , checking every source, discovering every omission and mistake, not to mention some which are not even there. No other book has been subjected to such systematic and scrupulous hostile examination.  [17]  Having basically failed in their attempt to discredit the book, they started affirming that the conditions were awful, but it was not the fault of capitalism, but of the workers themselves that self-induced poverty because of the expenditure on drink, gambling and tobacco. As we already said one of the main reasons that helps us understand why Engels is a reliable witness of the Industrial Revolution is the Preface to the First German Edition where he clearly explains sources and terminology used. We previously analysed the sources, what is now important to understand is the terminology, that always makes things clear from the beginning and leaves no space to misunderstanding. He therefore states:  [18]   I have used the world Mittelklasse all along in the sense of the English word middle class (or middle classes, as is said almost always). Like the French word bourgeoisie it means the possessing class, specifically that possessing class which is differentiated from the so-called aristocracy the class which in France and England is directly and in Germany, figuring as public opinion, indirectly in possession of political power. Similarly, I have continually used the expressions working men (Arbeiter) and proletarians, working class, propertyless class, and proletariat as equivalents. This shows how careful and precise he was. He was very meticulous even when it comes to the structure of his writing: at the end of every chapter he summarizes and repeats the important parts. He wants no confusion, he wants his writing and therefore what he believes and argues to be as clear as possible. For example in a footnote, he clearly states that Dr Kay occasionally confuses the working class in general with the factory workers, but then underlines how excellent the pamphlet is.  [19]   Engels in the fifth chapter, clearly states that he wants to demonstrate that the bourgeoisie is responsible, as a ruling class, for the murder of working-men. The ruling power of society is the class which holds social and political control and therefore bears the responsibility for the conditions of proletarians. Engels is not surprised about what the workers have become given the circumstances they are living in. Obviously their physical, mental and moral status is so badly damaged that they cannot reach an advantage age. He consequently states that their only enjoyments are sexual indulgence and drunkenness to the point of complete exhaustion of their mental and physical energies.  [20]  He blames the society and the bourgeoisie, all throughout his book, making a relation with modern international Socialism, that in 1844 did not yet exist. Engels in the Preface to the English Edition writes that the ideas in his book represent one of the phases of Socialisms embryonic develop ment. Marx, a very good friend of Engels, used his ideas to build up the theory of Communism as the emancipation of society at large, including the capitalist class, from its narrow conditions. The book was received with great approval in socialist circles. For many workers it was the first time they had been aware of the possibility of a working-class movement. However, the revolutionary conclusions within the text were deplored by bourgeois critics, even though they recognized the accuracy of Engels observations. These conclusions might have been revolutionary, but we have to say that they are the result of his research methods and not a preconceived theory of revolution. Engels did not have a theoretical analysis in which to seek the social conditions that would fit his perspective. His early writings such as this book pre-date both his contact with radical thinkers of the time and the formulation of socialist theories. Engels life experience and observations illustrate how the t heory stated in The Condition was informed by reality and shock for what he saw. Engels starting point was therefore not theoretical, but the raw observed facts of capitalist society.  [21]   However what Marx would have probably never done, is describe the Irish as Engels did in chapter 4: Irish Immigration. Yes, Engels by writing this book was trying to support the working class, by blaming disease, poverty and bad conditions on the bourgeoisie. Because of this, of his background thoughts and because of him trying to politically agitate and politically condemn the English middle class, he should have described with a bit more tact the condition of Little Ireland. He should have said that it was because of the industrial revolution and because of the society in which they were force to live, that they were in such awful conditions. He sort of did this at the end of the chapter by stating: What else should he (the Irishman) do? How can society blame him when it places him in a position in which he almost of necessity becomes a drunkard; when it leaves him to himself, to his savagery?.  [22]  However before that we see that not even Engels was immune to racial prejudic e when he describes Little Ireland as a group of a few hundred mean cottages set in masses of refuse, offal and sickening filth, populated by a horde of ragged women and children swarming about here, as filthy as the swine that thrive upon the garbage heaps and in the puddles. The race that lives in these ruinous cottages, behind broken windows (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), this race must really have reached the lowest stage of humanity. That race, he argued, was disposed by nature and environment to careless and feckless behaviour, and had brought its dirty habits with it into the hearts of the great English and Scottish towns. Filth and drunkenness, too, they have brought with them, importing a mud cabin level of existence into Britain and degrading and corrupting the English workers through their presence and their competition in the labour market.  [23]  Engels made the mistake of confusing the effects of poverty and ignorance on the poor devil, for the effects of racial characteristic s, but the physical conditions of Little Ireland undoubtedly existed as Engels described them. In conclusion I can affirm, along with historians such as Hobsbawm and using David McLellan words that Engels descriptions can be taken, by and large, as probably the best piece of contemporary evidence that we have available to us.  [24]  The Condition of the Working Class in England is an astonishingly precocious work that recapitulates earlier and contemporary complaints about the damage to human beings created by the rise of industrial capitalism. Seeking to denounce the bourgeoisie for its cruel enslavement and exploitation of the proletariat, his work has still to be considered reliable and accurate. Engels took us through the slums of Manchester and other industrial cities, making us realize and fully understand the disintegration of the individual, the demoralizing influences of poverty, dirt and low environment a disorderly confusion that has been indeed brought by the devastating effects of the industrial society.  [25]Â